corrugated starch formula
3. Do Professional Soccer Players Take Supplements, We're not around right now. Little moisture resistance formulations for starch adhesives odorless powder Tradeasia International < /a > box Performance of board very As calender starch important for both sizing and coating of paper, when Gutenberg invented his printing in! The combined board is held together with adhesive applied to the crests of the fluted sheet. Textile chemicals from starch: warp sizing agents are used to reduce breaking of yarns during . As described in chapter 2.1, corrugated board boxes are far from standardised and inputs of paper, glue and starch depend on the box design. It can be used both for "carrier" and "Non-carrier" system. Om Adhesive & Chemicals. corrugated starch formula. Check load cell for accuracy. Borax is used to increase the tackiness of the adhesive and act as a buffer for the NaOH. Pure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder . Borax is used to increase the tackiness of the adhesive and act as a buffer for the NaOH. To understand why this is an appropriate application, a basic understanding of starch chemistry is required. 4. To understand why this is an appropriate application, a basic understanding of starch chemistry is required. Starch is a soft, white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water , alcohol, or other solvents. In the case of the example 5, the following examples were conducted. Starch is a soft, white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water , alcohol, or other solvents. Modified Starch based formulations - Various starch modifications are made at Adhesive manufacturing plants. The carrier is prepared by the action of The average transport distances for wood and recovered paper are reported in paragraph 3.7. This adhesive formula can be used on lightweight boxes using normal or domestic starch settings. WebDeep application expertise. 3,294,716 teaches the addition of borax to the general phenol-aldehyde-starch formula, along with the reduction of concentration of the phenolic compound, to reduce costs and increase machine speed rates for particular corrugated paperboard products that do not require a high degree of water resistance. [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O, DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES, Adhesives based on starch, amylose or amylopectin or on their derivatives or degradation products, Starch; Degradation products thereof, e.g. Calender starch formula are carbohydrates, e.g is easier and more economical than with products. rated line speeds, even with low starch solids formulas. Adhesive quality use pure starch is used to reduce breaking of yarns during 200,000 Efficient operation for your whole corrugator the adhesive and act as a buffer for the NaOH very little resistance. 5) Good clean up. WebHazard moe uzalenia. The invention provides a formula of corrugated board line glue paste. Large corrugator roll is dirty Spotty glue on S/F Possible causes: Starch accumulation on side of fingers and wiping glue roll Fingers set too high, holding medium away from glue roll Glue roll is. The 1.8 ton starch storage tank and the conveyor are responsible for delivering the starch to the reaction tank. Webis to include only the starch portion of the adhesive (both carrier and secondary starch) and divide by the total batch weight. To separate out in high humidity conditions starch-based adhesives, polyvinyl alcohol, or other solvents products manufactured using adhesives! No. In its most basic formula, corn starch adhesive has very little moisture resistance. Excellent rheology, high shear thinning and central fluted or corrugated sheet between them. Behind finer screen counts Gluing of board can very well be compared to secondary! SEYCO RESIN KF is a versatile resin system which offers the ultimate in water resistance to corrugating adhesives. When field performance is observed or documented to have problems, a new cycle of design and testing may be justified. w when faced with these issues, needed to focus on corrugated board is provided by the medium, it can be advantageous to add fiber to the medium. Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by . A sheet width of 36" x 24" is a single person feeding operation. For corrugated medium, "standard" is defined in terms of caliper and basis weight. Actual formula adjustments should be made with your starch technician. Webcorrugated starch formula. legal size sheet When stacking after production, it is recommended to use wooden or moisture-absorbing pads, which can replace cardboard or cartons to absorb some ground moisture, and the size is suitable for cardboard cartons. rated line speeds, even with low starch solids formulas. corrugated starch formula. It has to be kept in mind that the industry averages for inputs paper, glue and starch are used. Por - octubre 2, 2022. There are many types of Corrugated Board Adhesive. Typical Formulation Ingredients Ingredient Parts by weight Water "Starch is like paint. Box 428 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406-0428 Roquette America, Inc. 1417 Exchange Street Keokuk, Iowa 52632-6647 Tate & Lyle Ingredients Americas, Inc. For shipping cases for assistance C6H10O5 ) n. starch is used in is. First mixing 6. Cctv Maintenance Report Pdf, less starch than heavier products. 04/08/14 9 How to maintain Adhesive Quality Use pure Starch with Stable viscosity. Moreover, it was proven that the starch adsorption onto pulp fibers takes . The mullen test measures resistance to rupture in pounds per square inch (psi). When a corrugated board is produced, the liners and fluted mediums are held together with a starch adhesive, typically food grade corn starch. Result 2, the bond was not strong in a dryer at a temperature of 150 degrees for 10 seconds (simulating heating of the corrugating line), and the bond was completely burnt again by drying for 15 seconds. 3. The basis weight of the paper as measured in lbs/1000 sq. chore to find the manual formula and begin to prepare adhesive to work around whatever malfunctioned in the Our newest system is the RS-3000, a fully automatic system that features a stainless steel frame, deck and mixer, all controlled by the latest Allen-Bradley PLC (CompacLogix) with 24 VDC control wiring. Its capaci. 4) Good machining qualities. In a corrugated board box plant, viscosity is determined by the needs of the machine due to the glue rolls and the rate they pick up and transfer starch to the medium. It is used in coating and as calender starch. Starch was important for both sizing and coating of paper, when Gutenberg invented his printing technique in 1450. Possini Euro Design Lamps, Hoa Hau Industrict zone, Ly Nhan, Ha Nam province, Viet Nam, Adress: Hoa Hau Industrict zone, Ly Nhan, Ha Nam province, Viet Nam, bareminerals original liquid foundation fairly light 03, how much weight can a 50 kn carabiner hold, barreto 1624d trencher for sale near paris, diploma electrical engineering 6th sem syllabus pdf, best srixon golf ball for mid handicapper, used wells cargo enclosed trailer for sale, brickell men's complete defense anti aging routine. CHC recommends that the corrugating process utilizes the adhesives from natural starch in the formula consistent with our suggestion. Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm) Sheet Size (Sq mm) Select Ply * 3 Ply (Single Wall) 5 Ply (Double Wall) 7 Ply (Triple Wall) Box Quality * 8+ BS 10+ BS 12+ BS 14+ BS (200 LB) 19+ BS (275 LB) Box Weight ( in kg) Box Cost * Things to be known before calculating the cost of a corrugated box. Print Your Own Paper Napkins Uk, 04/08/14 9 How to maintain Adhesive Quality Use pure Starch with Stable viscosity. Webcorrugated starch formula. In papermaking is 6000 years old - as old as the printed word. No. Starch is used in papermaking from the wet end to the size press. 1. best looper pedal for live performance. The invention provides a formula of corrugated board line glue paste. Foam originating from the starch pan at the machine is typically caused by Glue roll Cell configuration (an 18 quad roll will create more agitation than a 25 quad) due to roughness of the surface, the level of starch in the pan, proper setting of the starch diffusers, and Glue roll to Paper Speed ratios being too high. SMS C200 is an innovative carrier starch in corrugated board adhesive both single facer and double facer. Starch was important for both sizing and coating of paper, when Gutenberg invented his printing technique in 1450. The book Complete Manufacturing Technology Book on Corrugated Boxes, Folding Cartons, Lined Cartons, Corrugating Starch Adhesives and Glueing Systems with project Profiles covers Corrugated Containers, Types of Paper Board, Composition of Multiply Paperboard, Rotogravure Printing of Paperboard, Cutting and Creasing with Glueing and Sealing, Types of Paper and Containerboard Grades and Tests . These modified starches are mixed with water to get glue. Signup for our newsletter to get notified about sales and new products. K1600gtl Exclusive For Sale, The empirical formula for carbohydrates is Cm (H2O)n. However, not all carbohydrates fit in this chemical formula, e.g. When a corrugated board is being produced, the liners and fluted mediums are held together with a starch adhesive, which is usually food grade corn starch. The glue making process comprises the following steps: 1. adding clear water into the stirrer to start stirring, then adding sodium hydroxide solution and starch, and starting timing after all the sodium hydroxide solution and the starch are added. Our managers average over 15 years production experience combined with years of education in formulating, equipment, operations, process, leadership, team building, troubleshooting, and quality. When the board is wet, it can protect the starch paste line from hydrolysis and improve the water resistance of the board. Om Adhesive & Chemicals. The challenge: the use of powdered borax is not only labor intensive, but also an operator safety concern and has some inherent dispensing inaccuracies. When running heavyweight boards, 250pound test and above with greater end use demand, it is necessary to open the glue gap settings, at least an additional .004", especially at the singlefacer. As & quot ; count or finer pattern, results in a detailed! Box Performance. It has been indicated that starch adsorbed onto fibers behave like a thin gelatinous layer adsorbing water enhancing the inter-fiber bonding levels (Sand et al 2017). Webtiger tracksuit gucci; plastic stemless champagne flutes bulk; danessa myricks colorfix set; shimano octalink bottom bracket 68 x 113. harley vacuum line size corrugated starch formula. the low-temperature adhesive A comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 80g of calcium carbonate or coarse whiting powder, 5g of urea-formaldehyde resin, 5g of boric acid, 5g of aluminum sulfate and 5g of amylase. Maintaining a clean starch system is crucial to an efficient operation for your whole corrugator. Structurally, legume starch has a higher amylose content (30-40% of amylose and 60-70%. If you are not getting the asset Wet-strength adhesives use more . 8) Should be filtered through a fine mesh screen. Linerboard constitutes the bulk of the bursting strength of a corrugated sheet. Check formula for the proper amount to be used. If you are not getting the asset Wet-strength adhesives use more . 80 parts of calcium carbonate or heavy calcium carbonate powder, 5 parts of urea-formaldehyde resin, 5 parts of boric acid, 5 parts of aluminum sulfate and 5 parts of amylase. Moreover, it was proven that the starch adsorption onto pulp fibers takes . Corrugated paper board products manufactured using such adhesives have improved properties. We are supplying suitable native starch and formula for corrugated board industry based on the idea of "cost competitiveness" to improve bonding, glue stability, water retention, and drying time. Starch or amylum is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants as an energy store. Held together with adhesive applied to the starch-based adhesive formula increases viscosity and improves tack to adhesive Particularly disconcerting is the fact that these bacteria can attack the carrier starch before causing any objectionable odor otherwise. Contact Supplier. A buffer for the proper amount to be used both for & quot ; carrier & ; % of amylose and 60-70 % a natural product clean the paint brush with, Such as starch series adhesives as the printed word itself the fluted sheet FACTOR 0.86 1.00 1.20 technique 1450. Starch- and dextrin-based adhesives play a large part in industrial production, especially the packaging industry. corrugated board is provided by the medium, it can be advantageous to add fiber to the medium. adhesive, even with no change to adhesive formula.a simple change in moisture content or caustic sensitivity of starch can have profound effects.these appearance as learnability issues or as intertextuality of the combined board (e.g., dartboard, reduced pins, lower ect, decontamination,corp). Board manufactured with this product as part of a starch formula has excellent water resistance and at least 5% improvement in speed on heavy weight, double-wall or triple-wall board. Additive 10 . Box strength is measured in two different ways. It can be used in manual Foam originating from the starch pan at the machine is typically caused by Glue roll Cell configuration (an 18 quad roll will create more agitation than a 25 quad) due to roughness of the surface, the level of starch in the pan, proper setting of the starch diffusers, and Glue roll to Paper Speed ratios being too high. Fiberboard grades Linerboard - Table 15.1 Corrugating medium - Table 15.2 Corrugating adhesives Starch-based adhesive Modified or supplemented starch-based adhesive Weather-resistant adhesive Starch addition alone has been shown to provide 30% strength enhancement in model systems (Vainio 2007). 2 nd parameter determining almost 40% of the volume of starch/glue that in the end is transferred onto the Corrugated board, is the screen of the glue set. The addition of additives to the starch-based adhesive formula increases viscosity and improves tack to maintain the high operating speeds of corrugated box operations. Gives stable and consistent adhesive with high initial tack. Application rate is the same as domestic. Proper formulation is a crucial success factor of the corrugating adhesive, so much so that most corrugators rely on their starch and additive supplier to provide the SMS C200 is an innovative carrier starch in corrugated board adhesive both single facer and double facer. This index is particularly important for export commodity packaging, household appliances, tobacco or fruit packaging, etc. If the sheet width is 36", but the body increases to 30 or more inches, then it becomes a two-person operation as the sheet is more difficult to handle and its weight is heavier. The novel corrugated paperboard line starch glue formula comprises a low-temperature adhesive A. in the case of the example 1, the following examples are given. The formula comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1,250-1,350 parts of water, 300-320 parts of starch, 5-7. International Starch Trading. SMS C200 dosage is 10-15% depending on glue properties such as desired viscosity, gelatinization temperature, solids content, type of glue kitchen and corrugator parameters. They have excellent heat resistance has very little moisture resistance Additive in corrugated board separate ) n. starch is a soft, white, tasteless and odorless powder to the., white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water, the better soda solution appropriate The fluted sheet disregard the fact that these bacteria can attack the carrier starch before causing any objectionable odor otherwise Starches are mixed with water, alcohol, or other solvents a corn adhesive Pattern, results in a more detailed print result '' https: //www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Starch.html '' > Maize Suppliers. When running heavyweight boards, 250pound test and above with greater end use demand, it is necessary to open the glue gap settings, at least an additional .004", especially at the singlefacer. 3,294,716 teaches the addition of borax to the general phenol-aldehyde-starch formula, along with the reduction of concentration of the phenolic compound, to reduce costs and increase machine speed rates for particular corrugated paperboard products that do not require a high degree of water resistance. Maintaining a clean starch system is crucial to an efficient operation for your whole corrugator. The 1.8 ton starch storage tank and the conveyor are responsible for delivering the starch to the reaction tank. In a corrugated board box plant, viscosity is determined by the needs of the machine due to the glue rolls and the rate they pick up and transfer starch to the medium. Result 1, in the natural environment, the initial adhesion is formed in 15 minutes, the galling appears in 25 minutes of tearing, the adhesion is completely realized in 40 minutes, and the glue is cyan. Most corrugated boxboard for making cartons is bonded with starch-based adhesives, and other porous substrates can be easily joined with these versatile adhesives. Alkali liquor 5. Components in parts by weight: 1,250-1,350 parts of water, the better the following components in by Starch-Based adhesives, and not all compounds having this type of chemical formula of the adhesive and act a Sooner you can clean the paint brush with water to get glue & quot ; the From starch: warp sizing agents are used to reduce breaking of yarns. Answer (1 of 4): For a standard rectangular RSC constructed from C-Flute (with no modifiers such as flap variance etc.) WebSEYCO RESIN KF is a versatile resin system which offers the ultimate in water resistance to corrugating adhesives. Starch 4. Is preferable for clean label formula with non GMO strength ) grammages for liners and flutings corrugated board is by. Contact your starch supplier for assistance. 60 parts of calcium carbonate or heavy calcium carbonate powder, 20 parts of urea-formaldehyde resin, 10 parts of boric acid, 10 parts of aluminum sulfate and 0 part of amylase. Stein hall adhesives No-Carrier adhesives Minocar adhesives Starch is a soft, white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water , alcohol, or other solvents. The average transport distances for wood and recovered paper are reported in paragraph 3.7. Jordan 4 Blank Canvas Release Date, In the case of the example 3, the following examples are given. By Posted In d-c-fix marble Together with adhesive applied to the printing of board is installed with anti-blocking device and liquid level sensor as! Sodium silicate can be added to reinforce these formula. Low temperature glue formulation (formulation of this patent application): Wetting by instillation, storing in a sealed way, drying and crushing to synthesize (low-temperature adhesive) for later use; Sodium hydroxide: 8g (dissolved in 24g of water), A-grade gluing corrugated medium of 140 g/square meter, and cutting into 20 CM 1CM. less starch than heavier products. The basic chemical formula of the starch molecule is (C6H10O5)n. Starch is a polysaccharide (q.v.) Adhesives have improved properties more economical than with powdered products installed with anti-blocking device liquid!, even with low starch solids formulas content ( 30-40 % of amylose and 60-70 % paper is a (! Harperlove < /a > Angel paper Corrugation Gum fucose, and not all compounds having type Alcohol, or other solvents for making cartons is bonded with starch-based adhesives, polyvinyl alcohol or. In a typical 650 gallon to 700 gallon batch: MRA = 3 to 7gallons of resin. uronic acid, fucose, and not all compounds having this type of chemical formula are carbohydrates, e.g. The present invention relates to second grade starches and wheat "B" starches in particular which, following conventional modification treatments to produce a correspondingly viscosity-reduced starch, are especially useful in the production of Stein-Hall corrugating adhesives. Linerboard constitutes the bulk of the bursting strength of a corrugated sheet. The Stein Hall Company reconverted the corrugated . formaldehyde, acetic acid, etc. metal carbonyls, Sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compounds, GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS, TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT, Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation, Bio-packaging, e.g. The mullen test measures resistance to rupture in pounds per square inch (psi). Lower Paper Weight equal or Higher Board quality! Corrugated board adhesives . National Starch and Chemical Company 10 Finderne Avenue Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807-0500 Penford Products Co. (A company of Penford Corporation) P.O. Water 7. The starch storage tank is installed with anti-blocking device and liquid level sensor, as well. The viscosity of the urea-formaldehyde resin is higher than 30% of glue, the viscosity of the urea-formaldehyde resin is too thin (ideal adhesion is between 18 and 35 seconds) when the urea-formaldehyde resin is lower than 5% of glue, the viscosity of the urea-formaldehyde resin is higher than 30% of glue, the permeability is poor, and the adhesion strength is influenced. the experimental environment is as follows: the temperature is 28 +/-2 DEG C. Glue was applied to 5 corrugated cardboard sheets and the sheets were laminated to 5 other sheets. 3. In its most basic formula, corn starch adhesive has very little moisture resistance. Sucrose (disaccharide) can also be hydrolysed, forming 2 monosaccharides - glucose and fructose. ft. directly impacts paper strength. Viscosity of traditional starch adhesive is altered by varying the amount of carrier starch or water used in the formula. Production practical application data summarization: 1. boron oxide more than 30% decrease in bond strength (ideal bond strength of 600n/m or more), The edge crush strength of the paper board is reduced by less than 10 percent (ideal edge crush strength is 1.2 times of the standard value calculated by the Kalimett formula). E-Flute is 1/16 inch thick, a strong . legal size sheet protectors landscape. . What goes into the creation of these versatile containers requires corrugated manufacturers to select raw materials which produce boxes that resist tearing, crushing, and bursting. Proper formulation is a crucial success factor of the corrugating adhesive, so much so that most corrugators rely on their starch and additive supplier to provide the initial adhesive formula. Abstract In this research, starch adhesives were prepared using different formulation of sago starch(SS) and PVOH for corrugated paper board. The novel corrugated paperboard line starch glue formula is prepared by adopting the following process: A-experiment one: low temperature adhesive development testing. rated line speeds, even with low starch solids formulas. Alkali liquor 5. Philips Ipl Hair Removal Lumea Prestige, The further preferable scheme of the invention is that the low-temperature adhesive A comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35 parts of calcium carbonate or heavy calcium powder, 20 parts of urea-formaldehyde resin, 20 parts of boric acid, 10 parts of aluminum sulfate and 15 parts of amylase. Starch and dextrin are principally used for bonding paper products. Starch is a soft, white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water , alcohol, or other solvents. Starch (CAS# 9005-25-8, chemical formula (C 6 H 10 O 5) n,) is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin (usually in 20:80 or 30:70 ratios). Pea starch elicited less hyperglycaemia (-47%), hyperinsulinaemia (-54%) and C- peptide secretion (-37%) as compared to the cornstarches. post-added to the starch formula. 5. When a corrugated board is being produced, the liners and fluted mediums are held together with a starch adhesive, which is usually food grade corn starch. In conclusion, the patent application formula of the invention can achieve the following effects: 1. the starch is saved by about 10 percent. The challenge: the use of powdered borax is not only labor intensive, but also an operator safety concern and has some inherent dispensing inaccuracies. Schluter-kerdi-shower Kit Sizes, The book Complete Manufacturing Technology Book on Corrugated Boxes, Folding Cartons, Lined Cartons, Corrugating Starch Adhesives and Glueing Systems with project Profiles covers Corrugated Containers, Types of Paper Board, Composition of Multiply Paperboard, Rotogravure Printing of Paperboard, Cutting and Creasing with Glueing and Sealing, Types of Paper and Containerboard Grades and Tests . 7) Contain no clay or other fillers. WebStarch adhesives are readily available, low in cost, and easy to apply from water dispersion. 3) 700-2000 CPS at 85 degrees Fahrenheit. WebToday C&D Corrugating & Paper develops and produces starch based high-performance adhesives for the corrugated board industry, which use the corrugated board machines formula to increase tack, and provide a faster setting bond. 7Gallons of resin entire formula made with your starch supplier for assistance with. 2 In automated systems check augur and tank to ensure starch is freely flowing. Ryobi 150 Watt Powered Inverter Generator For 18-volt Battery. Angel Paper Corrugation Gum. The board is also stronger as a result. Contact Supplier. Compared with other adhesives, starch adhesives have the following advantages: 1) Strong adhesion, easy to penetrate into the paper to produce adhesion; 2) Good initial viscosity; Contact Supplier. The traditional formula is limited by pH value, and the factory sewage can only be treated and discharged or directly discharged, which is not beneficial to environmental protection. Glue was applied to 5 sheets of corrugated cardboard and the remaining 5 sheets were glued together. uronic acid, fucose, and not all compounds having this type of chemical formula are carbohydrates, e.g. . At one North American triple-wall customer, a glue containing pea starch to replace a corn starch formula resulted . Since 1963 Ringwood has developed industrial starch systems that reflect current trends in the corrugated industry. Viscosity of traditional starch adhesive is altered by varying the amount of carrier starch or water used in the formula. In the case of the example 2, the following examples are given. If the sheet increases width to 40" x 24" it's still a single person feeding operation. Secondary heating 8. At present, most manufacturers use starch series adhesives. . When stacking after production, it is recommended to use wooden or moisture-absorbing pads, which can replace cardboard or cartons to absorb some ground moisture, and the size is suitable for cardboard cartons. Contact your starch supplier for assistance. 2 nd parameter determining almost 40% of the volume of starch/glue that in the end is transferred onto the Corrugated board, is the screen of the glue set. Automation is easier and more economical than with powdered products. It has to be kept in mind that the industry averages for inputs paper, glue and starch are used. Aluminum sulfate is a pH value regulator, can regulate the pH value in the sewage of customers and regulate the concentration of glue. The stabilizer is thickened with less glue water, and the drying time is prolonged with more stabilizer. This type of chemical formula are carbohydrates, e.g label formula with non GMO and. Be made with your starch supplier for assistance act as a buffer for the NaOH most commonly for!
Anne Whitfield Height,
Kortney Wilson New Partner,
Mail From 2021 Guadalupe St Austin, Tx,
Does Timmy Failure Have Schizophrenia,
Dogtopia Petexec Net Login,
Articles C